Amsterdam is in 11th place on the Mercer Quality of Life study for the third year running.

Vienna retained top spot as the best city in which to live and Baghdad is the worst. No other Dutch cities are included in the rankings.

London, Paris and New York do not even make the top 35, while German-speaking cities dominate the top 10 with Zurich, Munich, Düsseldorf and Frankfurt.

Paris has fallen 10 places to 37th, just ahead of London at 39th, almost entirely because of the city’s vulnerability to terrorist attacks.

This year, in the light of the terrorist threat, Mercer also asked respondents about personal safety. Luxemburg is the safest, with Amsterdam in 16th place.

The study, in its 18th year, examines social and economic conditions, health, education, housing and the environment. It is used by large companies to assess where they should locate and how much they should pay staff.