There was a 10% rise in complaints about police behaviour last year, according to research by website nu.nl.

In total, there were 10,517 complaints, many of which concerned rudeness, dangerous driving and physical violence, nu.nl says.

No action was taken in almost 2,000 cases and over 7,000 were settled by mediation or a short meeting.

Amsterdammers were the most likely to complain about the police – with a rate of 140 complaints per 100,000 of the population. In Rotterdam and the Utrecht region there were 80 and 77 complaints per 100,000 people.