Homeowners have borne the brunt of rises in local taxes this year, with a 2.9% increase compared to a 1.9% rise for tenants.

A study by Rijksuniversiteit Groningen’s local government research centre COELO found wide differences between municipalities in how tax rates changed.

In Landsmeer and Papendrecht the tax on property values (ozb) went up by 31% and 27% respectively, while in Weesp, near Amsterdam, it went down by 39%.

Homeowners will pay an average of €1,486 in local taxes this year, with €904 going to their local council, €189 to the provincial government and €392 to the water board.

The highest taxes were in Bloemendaal, Noord-Holland, where the average house costs over €1 mn, with a total bill of €2,406, while the lowest bills are in Tilburg at €1,162.

Tenants are charged an average of €893 a year, ranging from €1,226 in Wassenaar to €544 in Nijmegen.