Neither social workers, the police or other organisations involved with the man who shot dead three people in Rotterdam last year would have been able to prevent the explosion of violence, according to an official report drawn up for mayor Ahmed Aboutaleb.

Medical student Fouad L refused to cooperate with social workers and others and that meant he could not be forced to undergo treatment, the report, quoted by broadcaster NOS, said.

L has been charged with killing his neighbour Marlous and her daughter Romy at their home in the port city, and doctor Jurgen Damen in the Erasmus teaching hospital.

In the years leading up to the shootings, L had been approached by a wide variety of organisations, and officials were concerned that he would qualify as a doctor after being accused of abusing animals in 2018 and 2021.

However, no-one was aware that he was planning the shooting for several months, as he claimed in his statement to the police, the report said.

Despite reports about his problematic behaviour, his rent arrears and his abuse of alcohol, officials “did everything they could” with what was known to them, the report said.

L will next appear in court on July 4, but a date for the main hearing has not yet been set.