Fines for traffic violations other than speeding and parking fines have almost doubled in the last 10 years, according to research by AD and Autotrack.

The number of penalties issued rose from 420,000 in 2014 to 763,000 in 2023 – averaging 273 for every 10,000 residents, including non-drivers.

The figures include all fines for ignoring road signs such as one-way indications, parking in restricted zones and driving into low-emission zones in high-polluting vehicles.

The prevalence of low-emission zones in major cities, such as Amsterdam’s ban on all diesel engines from before 2009, is one reason for the steep increase.

Rates increased over the same period from an average of €93 to €115, meaning the government’s income from fines per year more than doubled from €39 million to €88 million.

Amsterdam collected the largest number of fines, with 79,600, followed by Rotterdam with 45,600 and 27,900 in The Hague. The town whose residents were most likely to receive a ticket was Leerdam, Noord-Holland, where 1,547 people out of every 10,000 were caught breaking traffic rules in 2023.