The Netherlands goes to the polls to elect a new lower house of parliament on November 22.

Lesson 47: how the Dutch political system works

The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy and the king (or queen) is the official head of state.

There are four layers of government in the Netherlands: local councils, provincial councils, the lower house of parliament or tweede kamer and the upper house of parliament or senate. The water boards are also directly elected as a sort of side step, as is the European parliament.

There are 150 MPs in the lower house or parliament and they are elected every four years, or earlier if the government collapses (which happens quite often). Their job is to make new laws and keep an eye on what ministers are up to.

The 75 members of the senate are elected every four years – out of step two years with the lower house – by members of the 12 provincial councils. The senate’s job is to ‘reflect’ on the implications of new legislation. The senate cannot amend legislation – it can only accept or reject it.

A government which does not have majority support in the senate can’t be certain its more controversial policies will be approved. The outgoing government has had to piece together all sorts of political coalitions to get some of its measures into law.

Who can vote?

To vote in the national elections, you must be a Dutch national and 18 or older. People who are eligible to vote are sent a polling card at least 14 days before the election. You also need to show ID when you go to vote.

You can also vote by proxy chose to let someone else vote on your behalf.

Non-Dutch nationals can vote in the local and European elections and for the water boards, provided they meet certain conditions, but not in the nationals.

How does voting work?

Voting in the Netherlands is based on proportional representation according to an approved party list of candidates – whether a national, provincial or local vote.

The party leader usually heads the list, while the last name is often a celebrity or known face of some sort who wants to show his or her support for the party. This ceremonial position is know as the lijstduwer.

To vote you first pick the party of your choice and then fill in the circle next to your chosen MP (or councillor) with a red pencil. (There have been attempts to introduce electronic voting in the Netherlands but allegations of fraud and privacy issues put paid to that.)

MPs and councillors are chosen according to their place on the list. However, if an candidate lower down the list gets a lot of preference votes – more than 25% of the electoral quota, to be technical about it – he or she will move up the list and win a seat in parliament by pushing someone else out.

As soon as the polls close, public broadcaster NOS and some others publish the results of their exit poll. This gives a rough idea of what the outcome of the election is likely to be… but there are always variations.

DutchNews.nl will be running a live blog and Twitter feed on the evening of the election so you can keep up to date with the latest happenings.

What happens next?

A total of 26 parties will appear on the ballot paper in November, but only those beating the electoral quota will end up with an MP. This is calculated by dividing the overall number of votes cast by 150. In the last election that was 62,828 – so that a party scoring more votes than that was certain of at least one seat in parliament.

Any remaining votes are divided up according to a very complicated formula. Some parties agree to transfer their excess votes to another party so that they can benefit from the extra support and win a seat.

Once the dust has settled, parliament – the newly elected 150 MPs – will hold a debate on the results and select an informateur – a senior statesman who looks into possible government coalitions in the days after a general election. The informateur holds talks with party leaders to sound them out on potential partnerships.

The situation is the same for local and provincial elections as well.

Agreement

In national government, once potential coalition has been identified, the informateur appoints a formateur, usually the leader of the biggest party. He or she will then get down to the nitty gritty of working out a coalition agreement.

This can take months, during which time the new MPs have to deal with ministers who are in caretaker functions. So nothing really gets done and the country seems to function perfectly well.

Once the new government has been finalised, it will publish its regeerakkoord – a document outlining all the plans that the new government has agreed on. This is usually a mish-mash of political compromises plus a host of new policies which no-one ever voted for but which seem to suit the new mood.