One in 10 workers in the Netherlands felt they had faced discrimination at some point in 2022, according to a survey of 61,000 people by the CBS and TNO research institute.

Discrimination on the basis of origin, skin colour or nationality was experienced by 16% of people from outside EU, as well as 10% of European nationals and 9% of Dutch nationals with non-European roots, the CBS said.

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Age discrimination was mentioned by 4-5% of the youngest and oldest respondents, while 4% of women said they had faced discrimination on the grounds of their sex, compared with less than 1% of men.

Discrimination was most often experienced in the form of comments or being excluded, followed by being passed over for promotion or training opportunities, then being given less interesting work or lower pay.

Threats, violence and other forms of aggressive behaviour were experienced by just 6%.

The survey also showed workers who faced discrimination were more likely to be unhappy at work and take time off. Almost 70% said they had had time off sick in 2022, compared with 55% of people who did not think they had been discriminated against.