Local taxes are set to rise by an average of 4.4% this year, generating a total of €11.5bn for local council spending plans, according to calculations by national statistics agency CBS.

The tax increase is partly down to rising house prices – the ozb tax payable by all home owners is based on property values – but is less than the 5.8% increase recorded in 2021.

Waste water services will cost an average of 2.9% more, while waste collection and disposal fees will rise by 4%.

However, there are major regional differences. In Leiden, for example, the ozb charge is rising 5% but waste water processing will cost 27% more and rubbish collection services are rising by 12%.

In particular, the average rise in waste water processing costs is the highest since 2013, the CBS said. By law, these charges must cover costs but cannot make a profit for city hall coffers.

Councils also expect to generate more income from tourist taxes this year, after two years of decline. Amsterdam is poised to earn the most, some €135m, from tourist taxes, the CBS said.